Phytochemical Profile and Antidiabetic Potential of Annona muricata Leaf Extract through LC-HRMS Analysis and In Silico Study

Authors: Ratih Dyah Puspitasari, Desfira Syahrani, Munifilia Ekasari, Dina Erliana, Ahmad Sazali

Abstract

The exploration of Annona muricata (soursop) leaves is important for the development of natural antidiabetic agents due to their rich phytochemical diversity and traditional use in metabolic disorder management. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds from soursop leaf extract using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and to evaluate their pharmacological potential through in silico prediction tools. LC-HRMS analysis revealed 16 major compounds belonging to acetogenins, flavonoid glycosides, sterols, alkaloids, and chlorophyll derivatives. Key compounds included rutin, nictoflorin, cyanidanol, daucosterol, reticuline, and annonacin. In silico analysis indicated that rutin and nictoflorin have high probabilities as á-glucosidase inhibitors, while cyanidanol was predicted to enhance APOA1 expression, suggesting additional metabolic protection. Although acetogenins (annonacin and annopentucin B) exhibited strong bioactivity, their high toxicity limits therapeutic potential. Cyanidanol, rutin, and nictoflorin showed the most favorable pharmacological and ADMET profiles, identifying them as priority candidates for further development despite bioavailability challenges. These findings highlight A. muricata leaf extract as a promising source of antidiabetic phytochemicals and open opportunities for developing phytopharmaceutical formulations or pure compound isolates from soursop leaves as adjuvant therapies for diabetes management.